익명의 저자에 의한 자료. 양반들의 생활상과 조상 숭배에 대한 간략한 서술.
Author: Anonymous
Title: Data for a description of Korea
Published In: Vsesoiuznoe Geograficheskoe Obshchestvo, Izviestiia -- Vol. 2, no. 2
Published By: 1866. 31-41 p.
HRAF Publication Information: New Haven, Conn.: HRAF, 1998. Computer File.
Abstract: This document contains some interesting information on upper-class styles of life and characteristic privileges. Further data on the integration of ancestor worship and the class structure is included. The over-all treatment is sketchy, yet the information, in most respects, agrees with other sources and in some areas extends the range of information on the yangban class in Korea. A brief discussion of the examination system, educational practices, and talent mobility is also interwoven into the text.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
The description offered here is taken from the work published in Peking in Chinese in the beginning of the fifties. Our respected sinologist, Archimandrite Paladii, the present head of the Peking religious mission, who was then in Peking, translated this interesting article and sent it to Petersburg, where it has not been printed up to now. Its printing at the present time is especially justified, since our data on the inner structure of the Korean commonwealth and on the customs of its inhabitants is particularly scarce. Ritter gives us but fragmentary information, taken from the report by the Dutchman Hamel, who suffered shipwreck on the shores of Korea in 1653 and who, together with his shipmates, was a prisoner of the Koreans for twenty years.
The Chinese article on Korea is printed in full below, even though some of the information, such as that of the administrative division of Korea, examinations, etc., is gathered in Ritter's and Zibold's works.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
Korea is divided into eight provinces which are called Dao. The central Dao, containing Han-chen-fu, the residence of the king, --called the capital dao; the south-western--Chun-jin; the southeastern--Jin-shan; the southern--Juan-lo; the western--Huan-hai; and the eastern--Jyan-uan. These five regions extend along the shoreline. The northwestern dao is called Pin-an: it is separated from the Mukden province of Manchuria by the Yalu river; the northeastern dao, separated from Girin by the river Tumen-jyan is called Syan-jin. In industrial wealth, in the number of their cities, as well as in the number and educational attainments of their people, the three southern regions, Jun-tsin, Tsin-shan and Tsu-an-lo exceed all other regions taken together. These regions are centers of human talent, twice as many notable people having been born here as in all the remaining five regions. The inhabitants of the two northern regions--Pin-an and Syan-jin are distinguished for their military spirit and physical strength.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
Han-chen-fu, the residence of the king, is situated very favorably: from the north it is protected by the Hua-shan mountains; from the south it is skirted by the Nah-jyan river; far in the east it is protected by the Guan-lin ridge, and in the west by the Bo-hai sea.1 The King's place consists of a number of buildings containing large halls, which serve different functions. There is a hall for the receiving of the congratulations of the courtiers; one, in which the king consults his minister on governmental problems; one for the evening discussion between the scholars and the nobles. Also within the palace is a special building in which a platform of copper is erected with the symbolic representation of the four seasons of the year, and with a device to indicate the hours of the day. An other building has a wooden statue which, released by a string, strikes every hour on the hour a bell which is heard throughout the city. In addition there is a platform with a sum clock and a copper hand indicating the time; and observatory to watch the skies and to observe atmospheric phenomena; and a study hall for the children of the king. We will not mention the rest of the buildings and other places of amusement.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
Among the religious buildings of interest are: the sacrificial altar to the gods, protectors of the earth and bread, to the discoverers of agriculture and silk manufacture, and to the souls of the departed kings of other dynasties. There is also a temple dedicated to the ancestors of the king, and the temple of Confucius.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
The main governmental institutions are: The Council managing the affairs of the relatives of the king; the Council of the King; the Council distributing rewards for distinguished services; the Council for the reception of foreigners; and the Appelate Court. Besides these, there are six administrative Councils: 1. of Titles; 2. of Finance; 3. of Rituals; 4. of Military Affairs; 5. of Criminal Affairs and 6. of Public Buildings.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
In describing the general personality traits of the Koreans, mention must be made of their sincerity, sense of fairness, their passionate love of literature, of their politeness and modesty, and of their gentle and cautious temperament. In mourning and in burial and sacrifice-making ceremonies the Korean nobles follow the rules prescribed by the Chinese scholar Ju-ven-gun, which are so strict that they are not observed by the Chinese themselves. On the death of the father or mother, the children spend three years near their burial ground in complete seclusion. A person not observing this ceremony will not be admitted as a member to the Korean Society of Scholars. The diet of mourners during this period consists only of thin porridge; some do not use salt or relish; others prepare the sacrificial food with their own hands to honor the memory of their parents. The homes of noblemen have altars, in honor of their ancestors, on which sacrifices are made during each season of the year; and on the days commemorating the death of the parents, children and grandchildren do not taste meat, and make sacrifices in the rooms where the deceased ones lived.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
Officials of the first six ranks make sacrifices to honor their parents, grandparents and great grandparents; officials of lower ranks-- their parents and grandparents, while the common people honor only their parents. The sacrifices are made by the eldest son of the legal wife; in case of his death, his place is taken by the youngest brother, and, if no such brother is living, by children of the concubines. A person who dies without leaving a progeny is included by his relatives among their ancestors, or the government itself selects one of the relatives to be heir to the deceased. Among the nobles, wives upon the death of their husbands remain widows for life; while the widower may not get married until three years have elapsed after the death of his wife. Such a widower, however, if he is childless and over forty years of age, may, upon the order of his parents, marry again in a year after his wife's death. Marriages are contracted in accordance with the previously made agreements and with the help of marriage brokers.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
Each year the king makes a sacrifice to the Discoverer of Agriculture and himself guides a plough through the soil. Bread gathered from the soil ploughed by the king is used in sacrifice making. The queen makes sacrifices to the Discoverer of Sericulture and raises silk worms in one of the palace gardens. On the last full moon in autumn, the king entertains elderly people in his gardens. Those invited to the festival are promoted one rank. Children and grandchildren distinguished for their filial piety and widowers who have not married again are similarly entertained. In her chambers, the queen, at the same time, entertains virtuous widows. The guests are given presents: the elders over one hundred years of age are given an annual allowance of wheat by the king. The distinguished statesmen of the first two ranks are entertained in spring and in autumn. Presents, official positions, certificates of merit, and exemptions from the governmental levy is granted to friends known for their loyalty to the throne, and to women known for their virtue. Honest and hard working officials receive certificates of merit; and, in case of their death, their children and grandchildren are given official positions. Similarly children and grandchildren of those killed in war are given help and official positions.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
On the 'day of the death of a relative of the king, who is also a court noble, entertainment at the palace is cancelled and an official is dispatched by the king to pay respects to the body of the deceased. The funeral expenses are born by the treasury. Similarly, the government defrays the expenses of the funeral of any of its servants sent away from his home to do work for the government. The treasury also pays for the funeral expenses of the relatives of the king, regarldess of rank; of the palace teachers--interpreters of the classical texts; and of the royal censors and their parents. A special office exists for the manufacture of coffins and for supplying them to the people.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
Officials caught in bribery and widows married again have their names written in a special book, and, as a punishment, their children and grandchildren are not admitted to the rank of nobles. The parents, five of whose children have received scholarly degrees, are given an annual allowance of rice by the treasury; and upon their death they are honored by sacrifice-making and granting of titles. Those who have obtained scholarly or military diplomas are entertained at the palace; at the same time, their parents are treated to wine and music by the local authorities; and upon their death such parents are honored by sacrifice making. The best of the graduating students are also given an allowance of wheat. Poor people, who have no money to bury their relatives, as well as those people who have entered into marriage late in life are given allowance by the treasury.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
At the palace scholars and noblemen rotate in serving as attendants, and the king holds discussions with them daily: ministers and censors are also invited to these discussions, in turns; and there are night performances, at which the king puts the (literary) abilities of his officials to the test. The court nobles who have attained the first rank and reached their seventieth year, even upon their resignation, are invited to the palace to serve as teachers. And when such a nobleman has remained in service in the first or second rank for a long time, his ancestors in the three preceding generations are given honorary titles.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
Among the governmental officials and the military, parents who have reached seventy years of age have one son exempted from the draft; those who have reached their eightieth year have two sons exempted; and all the children are exempted of the parents who have reached ninety years of age.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
In the summer of each year, the king distributes ice among his relatives to help them against the heat. The ice is given also to the court nobles who have resigned because of old age, to the government officials who fell sick from the heat and to prisoners in jail.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
A special book is compiled by the government in which are described the lives and acts of men who gained renown for their loyalty to the throne, for their filial piety, and, in case of women, for their virtue. This book is translated into the popular Korean language and its copies are sent to different parts of the country to be interpreted to women and children of the land.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
A university has been established in the capital with a permanent enrollment of 500 students; students who have reached their fiftieth year but who have not, in spite of their diligence, gained scholastic degrees, receive official positions. Common people who have obtained rudiments of education, and mastered one of the five [LB: Confucian] classics are appointed as candidates to enter the university.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
Around the university are situated four schools, where children of governmental officials who have reached eight years of age, are taught. Gifted children of common people from town and country, whose parents cannot afford to give them education are also taught in these schools.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
In provinces and regional subdivisions, schools are set up on the pattern of the schools existing in the capital. Then the education superintendent arrives for inspection, gives examinations both to teachers and students, encourages those who are diligent and reprimands the lazy. In summer and fall a solemn ceremony in honor of Confucius takes place, which is conducted by the superintendents and local authorities, and which is accompanied by feasting and entertainment of the students.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
In spring and autumn of each year the central govenmental authorities hold examinations consisting of sets of problems. The three students who have given the best answers are given permission to take examinations for a doctor's degree. Candidates from among the students of the university and pupils of the four middle schools are tested annually in the sixth month of the year in composition, argumentation and oral presentation. The best 50 of these are given the privilege of participating in the general examinations which take place every two years. The examinations consist of essay writing, logical argumentation and oral tests. The oral tests are given three times to the same group. The successful candidates are then tested at the palace on their understanding of contemporary problems.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
In the case of a royal visit, or upon the occurrence of a happy event in the king's life, a special examination may take place in these schools. From time to time, the king personally visits the altars of Confucius and the university asks scholarly questions of the teachers and tests the students. The names of those who passed their examinations and received their scholastic degrees are announced at the palace. They are treated to wine by the king, who also presents them with flowers and umbrellas, after which, for three days, they walk the streets of the capital, preceded by actors and musicians with drums. The names of those who were tested by the king himself are announced on the very same day. The king presents them with a horse, a saddle, a suit of clothes, and a wooden tablet bearing the successful candidate's name.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
Children of the king come to see him every day, with greetings and offer of services. Following this visit, they study with their teachers, with (learned) visitors at the palace and with governmental officials. When the teachers arrive the children of the king greet them by coming down a flight of stairs at the main entry. On the fifteenth day of each month a dinner is given in the teachers' honor; and upon the completion of a book of classics a feast is arranged for them at the palace and gifts distributed. Children of the relatives of the king, on reaching 15 years of age are sent to a special school, where lots are drawn as to the courses to be pursued by them. Depending on the outcome the children are taught either how to interpret books, or how to write an argument, etc.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
The Council of Ceremonies monthly revises books taught in schools of the capital. The Council maintains a list with the names of all the teachers living outside of the capital. Those teachers, ten or more of whose students have especially distinguished themselves in the general examinations or received degrees--are promoted one rank.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
The capital contains a special building in which the descendants of prior dynasties bring sacrifices to the spirits of their ancestors. A special allowance in wheat and money is reserved (by the treasury) for this purpose.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
The burial places of the kings of the earlier dynasties--Sin-lo, Bo-ji and Gao-gui-li are considered sacred. No hunting is allowed on these grounds and cutting of wood is forbidden. Special temples are built in honor of the dynasty founders and of men of whatever origin, who gained renown for their valiant deeds. Prayers accompanied by the burning of incense of the temple altar commemorates these honored dead. In the north of the city, each spring and fall, a sacrificial altar is raised by local authorities, on which they make sacrifices to the spirits of the departed ones. at the same time of the year, both in the capital and in the provincial cities sacrifices are made to the homeless (lacking descendants) spirits of the ancestors.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
In winter, prisoners in jails are supplied while in summer the jail premises are cleaned, windows are washed and measures are taken to prevent undue cold or stuffiness. A special doctor is assigned to each jail, and drugs are provided by the government. Prisoners pay for their own support, while the poor among them are given allowance by the government.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
On the Chinese Emperor's birthday, on the first day of the New Year and on the days of the solstice, the king, together with his children and officials, stands facing Peking and performs a ceremonious bow. On sending an ambassador to the Chinese court, the king with his courtiers bow four times, holding smoking candles in their hands. The king kneels as he hands the ambassador a letter addressed to the Chinese Emperor, and then, coming down a flight of stairs, makes a bow to the letter he handed. Next, in full regalia, under the shade of a yellow canopy, he accompanies the embassy beyond the city gates.
When the ambassador returns with a message from the Chinese Emperor the king meets him outside the city, sitting in a tent of multicolored cloth. When sending gifts to the Peking court, the king personally examines them.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
In provinces special stores are set up for the distribution of the governmentowned bread. Bread is sold to the people when the prices go up, and is bought by the government when the prices go down, the government thus helping to stabilize the general level of prices. In addition, special stores are set up for the distribution of grain to the poor for planting; the amount given out in the fall is returned after the harvest in the form of bread to the treasury, with no interest charged. In years when the harvest is not abundant, as in the case of drought, flood or any other general misfortune, the government distributes bread among the people without charge.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
In provinces and regions popular festivals are arranged each spring and fall. The peasants of a village select an elder who goes from house to house gathering bread and money for such festivals. This custombrings the members of the village together and fastens the bonds of friendship. In case of sickness of anyone among them peasants hasten to offer assistance, and neighbors generally help in the preparation of coffins and funeral articles for the dead.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
Children of nobles of the first three ranks, as well as children of censors and of court instructors, are given certain ranks on the death of their parents; they are tested in the first month of the year and are assigned to positions in the government. Children of officials who are not entitled to the grant of such rank upon their parents' death, may nevertheless be recommended [LB: for governmental positions] by the dignitaries of the first three ranks. In such cases the Council of Officials tests their knowledge of the classics and assigns them to positions corresponding to their abilities. The responsibility in case of failure of performance falls on the person who recommended the particular candidate.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
Dresses worn by the court dignitaries and by the people in general during the sacrifice-making must follow regulations and be the same as those worn by the Chinese.
| Culture: | Asia -- Korea -- AA01 |
| Field Date: | no date |
| Publication Date: | 1866 |
| Place Coverage: | Korea |
| Date Coverage: | not specified |
On certain days of the year, as, for instance, during the change of seasons, the home fire is changed, and the new fire is obtained by rubbing two pieces of wood against each other.
For the abandoned and homeless children the authorities select a guardian among the local people, the government bearing the expense of providing such children with clothes.
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